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Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) is a growing global health crisis, making infections harder to treat, leading to longer hospital stays, rising healthcare costs, and increased mortality rates. In 2019 alone, AMR contributed to 1.27 million deaths globally, with nearly 5 million deaths associated with resistant infections. Without urgent action, AMR is projected to become the leading cause of death worldwide by 2050.







KPC:Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase

NDM: New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase

OXA-48: Oxacillinase-48

IMP: Imipenemase

VIM: Verona integron-encoded metallo-beta-lactamase

CTX-M: Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamasegene

VanA: Vancomycin resistance gene A

VanB: Vancomycin resistance gene B

MecA: Methicillin resistance gene A

SUL1: Sulfonamide resistance gene 1

SUL2: Sulfonamide resistance gene 2

SUL3: Sulfonamide resistance gene 3

Aac(3)-I: Aminoglycoside acetyltransferase gene

dfrA1: Dihydrofolate reductase gene A1

dfrA5: Dihydrofolate reductase gene A5

dfrA12: Dihydrofolate reductase gene A12

dfrA17: Dihydrofolate reductase gene A17

MefA: Macrolide efflux gene A

MrsA: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

ermA: Erythromycin ribosome methylation gene A

ermB: Erythromycin ribosome methylation gene B

ermC: Erythromycin ribosome methylation gene C

mphA: Macrolide phosph

ereA: Erythromycin esterase gene A

QnrS: Quinolone resistance gene(s)

TetK: Tetracycline resistance gene