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Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) is a growing global health crisis, making infections harder to treat, leading to longer hospital stays, rising healthcare costs, and increased mortality rates. In 2019 alone, AMR contributed to 1.27 million deaths globally, with nearly 5 million deaths associated with resistant infections. Without urgent action, AMR is projected to become the leading cause of death worldwide by 2050.
KPC:Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase
NDM: New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase
OXA-48: Oxacillinase-48
IMP: Imipenemase
VIM: Verona integron-encoded metallo-beta-lactamase
CTX-M: Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamasegene
VanA: Vancomycin resistance gene A
VanB: Vancomycin resistance gene B
MecA: Methicillin resistance gene A
SUL1: Sulfonamide resistance gene 1
SUL2: Sulfonamide resistance gene 2
SUL3: Sulfonamide resistance gene 3
Aac(3)-I: Aminoglycoside acetyltransferase gene
dfrA1: Dihydrofolate reductase gene A1
dfrA5: Dihydrofolate reductase gene A5
dfrA12: Dihydrofolate reductase gene A12
dfrA17: Dihydrofolate reductase gene A17
MefA: Macrolide efflux gene A
MrsA: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
ermA: Erythromycin ribosome methylation gene A
ermB: Erythromycin ribosome methylation gene B
ermC: Erythromycin ribosome methylation gene C
mphA: Macrolide phosph
ereA: Erythromycin esterase gene A
QnrS: Quinolone resistance gene(s)
TetK: Tetracycline resistance gene
